PRION DISEASES
Prion diseases are a group of
neurodegenerative diseases that affect various animals, including humans. These
include: sheep scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE - acronym for
searches in English), and human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). The
most prevalent is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). These
diseases are classified as sporadic, inherited and acquired, and should be
considered in patients with dementia and / or rapidly progressive ataxia with additional
psychiatric and neurological manifestations.
It is noteworthy that there is
increasing evidence indicating that several human neurodegenerative diseases
including Alzheimer's, Parkinson, fronto-temporal dementia and amio trophic
lateral sclerosis, brain propagate through induction of intercellular abnormal
folding of proteins "prion-like". (Kabir
& Zafar. 2014).
The pathogen is a misfolded form of the prion protein. Normal protein, encoded by the host, is a cell surface glycoprotein, present in the body and having, predominantly, α helical structure (PrPC). Pathological form of the protein (PrPSc) has a β sheet structure which replicates itself and spreads to transform the PrPC form.
The molecular disease process is very similar to amyloid diseases known, local and systemic, with a perennial waterfall autocatalytic misfolded PrP in the affected subject (Nystr öm & Hammarström. 2014), caused by the conversion of normal protein, an isoform of PrP (PrPSc), partially resistant to proteases, which is added in the brain and is associated with infectivity: prion disease is infectious, the transfer through the structure of misfolded PrP one individual to another.
It must be considered that these
diseases are characterized by extreme variability in clinical presentation,
neuropathological patterns and molecular subtypes; This
implies the existence of different prion strains despite the absence of nucleic
acids. The wide diversity of
prion diseases is determined by polymorphisms in the gene for the prion protein
and its tertiary conformation. Surprisingly,
although the nucleic acid is found absent, prions may suffer adapt and evolve
rapidly in cloned cells. (Kabir
& Zafar 2014. Solforosi et al, 2013.).
The main histopathological features of
prion diseases are an extensive spongiosis, neuronal cell loss central, gliosis
and deposition of amyloid plaques nervous system.
Disease |
Hosts |
Alpers syndrome
|
Human
|
Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
|
Cattle
|
Scrapie
|
Sheep, goats
|
Creutzfeld-Jacob
|
Human
|
Variant
Creutzfeldt-Jacob
|
Human
|
Kuru
|
Human
|
Fatal familial
insomnia
|
Human
|
Feline spongiform
encephalopathy
|
Cats
|
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker
|
Human
|
Spongiform
encephalopathy of exotic ungulates
|
Some ungulates
|
Chronic wasting
disease of cervids
|
Deer, deer, elk
|
Transmissible mink
encephalopathy
|
Minks
|
Spongiform
encephalopathy primates
|
Primates
|
Differential Diagnosis.
Need to be considered: neurodegenerative dementias (such as Alzheimer's disease), cerebral vascular disease (ischemic, amyloid, inflammatory, lymphoma), encephalitis (idiopathic, antibody-mediated paraneoplastic, among others), encephalopathy (liver, brain damage from hypoxia, other ). (Kenny & Mead. 2013).
Need to be considered: neurodegenerative dementias (such as Alzheimer's disease), cerebral vascular disease (ischemic, amyloid, inflammatory, lymphoma), encephalitis (idiopathic, antibody-mediated paraneoplastic, among others), encephalopathy (liver, brain damage from hypoxia, other ). (Kenny & Mead. 2013).
Links.
- Kabir ME, Safar JG. Implications of prion adaptation and
evolution paradigm for human neurodegenerative diseases Prion 2014.; 8:
111-116; PMID: 24401672; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.27661
- Nyström S, Hammarström P. Is the prevalent human prion protein 129M / V mutation to living fossil from a Paleolithic panzootic superprion pandemic? . Prion. 2014; 8: 2-10; PMID: 24398570;http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.27601
- Kenny J, Mead S. Prion diseases . Review Article. Medicine. December 2013; 41 (12): 686-688.
- Solforosi L, Milani M, Mancini N, Clementi M, Burioni R. A closer look at prion strains: Characterization and Important implicaciones . Prion 2013; 7:99 - 108; PMID: 23357828;http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.23490
- Lucas S. Infections of the Central nervous system . Diagnostic Histopathology 2013; 19 (2): 30-43. Integration. Viral, bacterial, parasitic agents.
- Lee J, Kim SY, Hwang KJ, Ju YR, HJ Woo. Prion Diseases Zoonotic Diseases Transmissible ace . Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2013, 4 (1): 57-66.
- Urayama A, Morales R, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Soto C. Initial fate of prions peripheral upon infection: half-life, distribution, clearance, and tissue uptake . FASEB J. Aug 1, 2011; 25: (8): 2792-2803. doi: 10.1096 / fj.11-180729
- Colby, DW, Prusiner, SB Prions . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2011 3 (1): 1-22
- Imran M, Mahmood S. An overview of the animal prion diseases . Virol J. 2011 Nov 1; 8 (1): 493. doi: 10.1186 / 1743-422X-8-493
- Rigter A, JPM Langeveld, Van Zijderveld FG, Bossers A. Prion protein self-interactions: A gateway to novel therapeutic Strategies? Vaccine, 16 November 2010; 49: 7810-7823,
- Adriano Aguzzi and Anna Maria Calella. Prions: Protein Aggregation and Infectious Diseases . Physiol Rev, October 2009; 89: 1105 - 1152. doi: 10.1152 / physrev.00006.2009
- Prion Diseases: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease . In: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Last updated in 2009. Other options in left menu.
- Adriano Aguzzi. Cell biology: Beyond the principle prion . Nature, 18 June 2009; 459: 924-925 | doi: 10.1038 / 459,924th.
- Mario Nuvolonea, Adriano Aguzzi, and Mathias Heikenwalder. Minireview. Cells and prions: A license to replicate . Edited by Per Hammarström. FEBS Letters, 20 August 2009; 583 (16): 2674-2684.
- About prion diseases . CDC.
- Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, and Brentani RR. Physiology of the Prion Protein . Physiol Rev 2008; 88: 673-728. doi: 10.1152 / physrev. 00007.2007 0031-9333 / 08.
- Heikenwalder M, Julius C, A. Aguzzi Review. Prions and peripheral nerves: A deadly rendezvous . Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2007; 85 (12): 2714-2725.
- Mandujano A, Montes S, Guzman A, et al. Review article. Pathophysiology of prion diseases . Gac Med Mex. 2006; 142 (5): 399-406.
- Walker LC, H LeVine III, Mattson MP, J. Jucker Inducible proteopathies . Trends in Neurosciences, Aug 2006; 29 (8): 438-443.
- Nyström S, Hammarström P. Is the prevalent human prion protein 129M / V mutation to living fossil from a Paleolithic panzootic superprion pandemic? . Prion. 2014; 8: 2-10; PMID: 24398570;http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.27601
- Kenny J, Mead S. Prion diseases . Review Article. Medicine. December 2013; 41 (12): 686-688.
- Solforosi L, Milani M, Mancini N, Clementi M, Burioni R. A closer look at prion strains: Characterization and Important implicaciones . Prion 2013; 7:99 - 108; PMID: 23357828;http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.23490
- Lucas S. Infections of the Central nervous system . Diagnostic Histopathology 2013; 19 (2): 30-43. Integration. Viral, bacterial, parasitic agents.
- Lee J, Kim SY, Hwang KJ, Ju YR, HJ Woo. Prion Diseases Zoonotic Diseases Transmissible ace . Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2013, 4 (1): 57-66.
- Urayama A, Morales R, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Soto C. Initial fate of prions peripheral upon infection: half-life, distribution, clearance, and tissue uptake . FASEB J. Aug 1, 2011; 25: (8): 2792-2803. doi: 10.1096 / fj.11-180729
- Colby, DW, Prusiner, SB Prions . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2011 3 (1): 1-22
- Imran M, Mahmood S. An overview of the animal prion diseases . Virol J. 2011 Nov 1; 8 (1): 493. doi: 10.1186 / 1743-422X-8-493
- Rigter A, JPM Langeveld, Van Zijderveld FG, Bossers A. Prion protein self-interactions: A gateway to novel therapeutic Strategies? Vaccine, 16 November 2010; 49: 7810-7823,
- Adriano Aguzzi and Anna Maria Calella. Prions: Protein Aggregation and Infectious Diseases . Physiol Rev, October 2009; 89: 1105 - 1152. doi: 10.1152 / physrev.00006.2009
- Prion Diseases: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease . In: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Last updated in 2009. Other options in left menu.
- Adriano Aguzzi. Cell biology: Beyond the principle prion . Nature, 18 June 2009; 459: 924-925 | doi: 10.1038 / 459,924th.
- Mario Nuvolonea, Adriano Aguzzi, and Mathias Heikenwalder. Minireview. Cells and prions: A license to replicate . Edited by Per Hammarström. FEBS Letters, 20 August 2009; 583 (16): 2674-2684.
- About prion diseases . CDC.
- Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, and Brentani RR. Physiology of the Prion Protein . Physiol Rev 2008; 88: 673-728. doi: 10.1152 / physrev. 00007.2007 0031-9333 / 08.
- Heikenwalder M, Julius C, A. Aguzzi Review. Prions and peripheral nerves: A deadly rendezvous . Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2007; 85 (12): 2714-2725.
- Mandujano A, Montes S, Guzman A, et al. Review article. Pathophysiology of prion diseases . Gac Med Mex. 2006; 142 (5): 399-406.
- Walker LC, H LeVine III, Mattson MP, J. Jucker Inducible proteopathies . Trends in Neurosciences, Aug 2006; 29 (8): 438-443.
Dra.
Teresa Berrueta Uribarren
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM.
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM.
QUÉ SON LOS PRIONES?
Las enfermedades por priones son un grupo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas,
que afectan a diversos animales, incluyendo al humano. Entre ellas se
encuentran: Scrapie ovina, encefalopatía espongiforme bovina (BSE - siglas para
búsquedas en idioma inglés), y la enfermedad humana de Creutzfeldt–Jakob (CJD).
La más prevalente es la enfermedad esporádica de Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
(sCJD). Estas enfermedades se clasifican en esporádicas, hereditarias y
adquiridas, y deben contemplarse en pacientes con demencia y/o ataxia de
progreso rápido, con manifestaciones psiquiátricas y neurológicas adicionales.
Cabe mencionar que existe creciente evidencia que indica que
varias enfermedades humanas neurodegenerativas, entre ellas las enfermedades de
Alzheimer, Parkinson, las demencias fronto-temporales y la esclerosis lateral
amiotrófica, se propagan en el cerebro a través de la inducción intercelular de
plegamientos anormales de proteinas "prion-like". (Kabir & Zafar.
2014).
El agente patógeno es una forma mal plegada de la proteina priónica. La proteína normal, codificada por el hospedero, es una glucoproteína de la superficie celular, presente en el organismo y que tiene, de manera predominante, una estructura α helicoidal (PrPC). La forma patológica de la proteina (PrPSc) tiene una estructura en hoja β, la cual se autorreplica y disemina al transformar a la forma PrPC.
El proceso molecular de la enfermedad es muy semejante al de las enfermedades amiloideas conocidas, locales y sistémicas, con una cascada autocatalítica, perenne, de
Debe considerarse que estas enfermedades se caracterizan por una
variabilidad extrema en la presentación clínica, patrones neuropatológicos y
subtipos moleculares; esto último implica la existencia de diferentes cepas de
priones a pesar de la ausencia de ácidos nucléicos. La amplia heterogeneidad de
las enfermedades por priones está determinada por polimorfismos en el gene de
la proteina del prion y por su conformación terciaria. Resulta sorprendente
que, aunque se encuentre ausente el ácido nucléico, los priones pueden sufrir
adaptación y evolución rápidamente en células clonadas. (Kabir & Zafar.
2014; Solforosi et al., 2013).
Las principales características histopatológicas de las
enfermedades por priones son una extensa espongiosis, pérdida de células
neuronales del sistema nervioso central, gliosis y deposición de placas
amiloideas.
Enfermedad
|
Hospedadores
|
Síndrome de Alpers
|
Humano
|
Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina (enfermedad de las vacas
locas)
|
Ganado vacuno
|
Scrapie
|
Ovejas, cabras
|
Enfermedad de Creutzfeld-Jacob
|
Humano
|
Variante de la enfermedad de Creutzfeld-Jacob
|
Humano
|
Kuru
|
Humano
|
Insomnio familiar fatal
|
Humano
|
Encefalopatía espongiforme felina
|
Felinos
|
Síndrome de Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker
|
Humano
|
Encefalopatía espongiforme de ungulados exóticos
|
Algunos ungulados
|
Enfermedad crónica de desgaste de cérvidos
|
Ciervos, venados, alces
|
Encefalopatía transmisible del visón
|
Visones
|
Encefalopatía espongiforme de primates
|
Primates
|
Diagnóstico diferencial.
Deben considerarse a: demencias neurodegenerativas (como la enfermedad de Alzheimer), vasculopatías cerebrales (isquémicas, amiloideas, inflamatorias, linfoma), encefalitis (idiopática, mediada por anticuerpos, paraneoplásica, entre otras), encefalopatías (hepática, daño cerebral por hipoxia, otras). (Kenny & Mead. 2013).
Deben considerarse a: demencias neurodegenerativas (como la enfermedad de Alzheimer), vasculopatías cerebrales (isquémicas, amiloideas, inflamatorias, linfoma), encefalitis (idiopática, mediada por anticuerpos, paraneoplásica, entre otras), encefalopatías (hepática, daño cerebral por hipoxia, otras). (Kenny & Mead. 2013).
Vínculos.
-
Kabir ME, Safar JG. Implications of
prion adaptation and evolution paradigm for human neurodegenerative diseases.
Prion 2014; 8:111 - 116; PMID: 24401672;
http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.27661
- Nyström S, Hammarström P. Is the prevalent human prion protein 129M/V mutation a living fossil from a Paleolithic panzootic superprion pandemic?. Prion. 2014;8:2 - 10; PMID: 24398570; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.27601
- Kenny J, Mead S. Prion diseases. Review Article. Medicine. December 2013;41(12):686–688.
- Solforosi L, Milani M, Mancini N, Clementi M, Burioni R. A closer look at prion strains: Characterization and important implications. Prion 2013; 7:99 - 108; PMID: 23357828; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.23490
- Lucas S. Infections of the central nervous system. Diagnostic Histopathology, 2013;19(2): 30-43. Integración. Agentes patógenos virales, bacterianos, parasitarios.
- Lee J, Kim SY, Hwang KJ, Ju YR, Woo H-J. Prion Diseases as Transmissible Zoonotic Diseases. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2013;4 (1):57-66.
- Urayama A, Morales R, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Soto C. Initial fate of prions upon peripheral infection: half-life, distribution, clearance, and tissue uptake. FASEB J. Aug 1, 2011; 25:(8): 2792-2803. doi: 10.1096/fj.11-180729
- Colby, D.W., Prusiner, S.B. Prions. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2011 3(1):1-22
- Imran M, Mahmood S. An overview of animal prion diseases. Virol J. 2011 Nov 1;8(1):493. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-493
- Rigter A, Langeveld JPM, Van Zijderveld FG, Bossers A. Prion protein self-interactions: A gateway to novel therapeutic strategies?Vaccine, 16 November 2010;49:7810-7823,
- Adriano Aguzzi and Anna Maria Calella. Prions: Protein Aggregation and Infectious Diseases. Physiol Rev, Oct 2009; 89: 1105 - 1152. doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2009
- Prion Diseases: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. En: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Última actualización en 2009. Otras opciones en menú izquierdo.
- Adriano Aguzzi. Cell biology: Beyond the prion principle. Nature, 18 June 2009;459:924-925 | doi:10.1038/459924a.
- Mario Nuvolonea, Adriano Aguzzi, and Mathias Heikenwalder. Minireview. Cells and prions: A license to replicate. Edited by Per Hammarström. FEBS Letters, 20 August 2009;583(16):2674-2684.
- About prion diseases. CDC.
- Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, and Brentani RR. Physiology of the Prion Protein. Physiol Rev, 2008;88: 673-728. doi:10.1152/physrev. 00007.2007 0031-9333/08.
- Heikenwalder M, Julius C, Aguzzi A. Review. Prions and peripheral nerves: A deadly rendezvous. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2007; 85(12):2714-2725.
- Mandujano A, Montes S, Guzman A, et al. Artículo de revisión. Fisiopatología de las enfermedades por priones. Gac Méd Méx. 2006;142(5):399-406.
- Walker LC, LeVine III H, Mattson MP, Jucker J. Inducible proteopathies. Trends in Neurosciences, Aug 2006;29(8):438-443.
- Nyström S, Hammarström P. Is the prevalent human prion protein 129M/V mutation a living fossil from a Paleolithic panzootic superprion pandemic?. Prion. 2014;8:2 - 10; PMID: 24398570; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.27601
- Kenny J, Mead S. Prion diseases. Review Article. Medicine. December 2013;41(12):686–688.
- Solforosi L, Milani M, Mancini N, Clementi M, Burioni R. A closer look at prion strains: Characterization and important implications. Prion 2013; 7:99 - 108; PMID: 23357828; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.23490
- Lucas S. Infections of the central nervous system. Diagnostic Histopathology, 2013;19(2): 30-43. Integración. Agentes patógenos virales, bacterianos, parasitarios.
- Lee J, Kim SY, Hwang KJ, Ju YR, Woo H-J. Prion Diseases as Transmissible Zoonotic Diseases. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2013;4 (1):57-66.
- Urayama A, Morales R, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Soto C. Initial fate of prions upon peripheral infection: half-life, distribution, clearance, and tissue uptake. FASEB J. Aug 1, 2011; 25:(8): 2792-2803. doi: 10.1096/fj.11-180729
- Colby, D.W., Prusiner, S.B. Prions. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2011 3(1):1-22
- Imran M, Mahmood S. An overview of animal prion diseases. Virol J. 2011 Nov 1;8(1):493. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-493
- Rigter A, Langeveld JPM, Van Zijderveld FG, Bossers A. Prion protein self-interactions: A gateway to novel therapeutic strategies?Vaccine, 16 November 2010;49:7810-7823,
- Adriano Aguzzi and Anna Maria Calella. Prions: Protein Aggregation and Infectious Diseases. Physiol Rev, Oct 2009; 89: 1105 - 1152. doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2009
- Prion Diseases: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. En: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Última actualización en 2009. Otras opciones en menú izquierdo.
- Adriano Aguzzi. Cell biology: Beyond the prion principle. Nature, 18 June 2009;459:924-925 | doi:10.1038/459924a.
- Mario Nuvolonea, Adriano Aguzzi, and Mathias Heikenwalder. Minireview. Cells and prions: A license to replicate. Edited by Per Hammarström. FEBS Letters, 20 August 2009;583(16):2674-2684.
- About prion diseases. CDC.
- Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, and Brentani RR. Physiology of the Prion Protein. Physiol Rev, 2008;88: 673-728. doi:10.1152/physrev. 00007.2007 0031-9333/08.
- Heikenwalder M, Julius C, Aguzzi A. Review. Prions and peripheral nerves: A deadly rendezvous. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2007; 85(12):2714-2725.
- Mandujano A, Montes S, Guzman A, et al. Artículo de revisión. Fisiopatología de las enfermedades por priones. Gac Méd Méx. 2006;142(5):399-406.
- Walker LC, LeVine III H, Mattson MP, Jucker J. Inducible proteopathies. Trends in Neurosciences, Aug 2006;29(8):438-443.
Dra. Teresa Uribarren
Berrueta
Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM.
Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM.
A little note to let everybody know about the powerful work of doctor chimnedum herbal home. My name is Gazalee from Malaysia and i was ones a HEPATITIS and HBP victim until i read about Dr chimnedum herbal home online on how he cured so many people with herbal remedies,and i contacted him for help and he really helped, after i applied his herbal remedies. i am testifying to this great Dr chimnedum herbal home because i want everybody to be informed so that you will contact him today for your cure, Contact him through: dr.chimnedumherbalhome1616@gmail.com Call/Whatsapp: +2347086675538,I'm healed,
ResponderEliminaris a great thing in my life today.