ADYUVANTS FOR CORYZA BACTERIN

                                             ADYUVANTS FOR CORYZA BACTERIN

An adjuvant is any chemical substance which retards the absorption of a vaccine to

enhance the immune effect, should be well tolerated by the tissues and should not leave deposits that cause injury or confiscation of the animal on the trail.

BIOFARMA MÉXICO

Bacterins prepared in chick embryo yolk and containing liquids of an embryo 6 days old, can be said that the tip serves as adjuvant for having a large amount of lipids delaying absorption, but in addition also contains the yolk sac a lot of immunoglobulins IGG, similar in amount to the horse serum content, so if you're using fertile eggs of birds that had Mycoplasma, or other disease, most likely will also be using the bacterin to control coryza, incidentally are applying antibodies to Mycoplasma or some other viral disease according to Michael W. Z. Naveh and Eliora Ron.

Coryza bacterin developed in chicken embryo using absorbed subcutaneously always, you can revaccinate once or twice during aging and sometimes I had seen that arrested the disease, I can not say that the cure but something style, however it would be safe to say that happens often.

BIOFARMA MÉXICO

Bacterin has a drawback that can not be mixed with other vaccines as with bacterins using mineral oil, there was a time that the first  broth bacterin developed as aluminum hydroxide adjuvant at a ratio up to 20% by volume, soon fell into disuse.

Now there are several brands of mineral oil emulsion bacterins, combined with up to 2 more vaccines, which makes me doubt their effectiveness.

Considering it takes 300 ml. of Avibacterium concentrate more the two vaccines, mineral oil Tween and Span, sometimes makes shoddy emusiones see that soon separated and applying them can   reaches  to produce tissue necrosis where the inyection was given, or are causing a bad where it should be the opposite.

I would not give a precise formula of a bacterin emulsified, there are many variables at play, for example, oil viscosity and purity, the use of Tween and Span as surfactants and last but not least the quality of the emulsifier, not easily be achieved.

My apologies for not giving a specific formula in this case is necessary to do some testing in coordination with  the people that supply oil or surfactants.

Adjuvants are substances or preparations which, incorporated into the antigen or injected simultaneously therewith, makes it more effective immune response. With an economy of use of antigen and time is achieved, and a higher level of specific antibodies.

The mechanism of action of these substances has been the subject of numerous studies and, apparently, there are several factors that explain its mode of action. Free antigen normally diffuses rapidly from the local tissues surrounding the site of inoculation, and one of its major functions is to create a reservoir or depot   antigen long life.

  Research has shown that virtually all adjuvants activate or stimulate macrophages; when activated, they stimulate the immune response by increasing the amount of antigen expressed on the cell membrane and the efficiency of the presentation to lymphocytes. The macrophage stimulating also releases soluble factors which amplify the proliferation of lymphocytes. Furthermore, some adjuvants have the ability to act specifically on lymphocytes; but in general, they work best if they facilitate simultaneous release of antigen and immunomodulatory substances lymphoid tissue.

At the international level, the list of natural products derived from chemical synthesis, adjuvant / immunopotentiating properties, is increasing; however, only a small number is used in the formulation of veterinary and human vaccines, there is a trend related to the assessment of new substances for this purpose. Depending on the scope and efficiency / safety ratio can recognize different categories of adjuvants (Table), which will be examined in more detail.

Table.   Relationship between applications of adjuvants and the ratio efficiency / safety

	The efficiency is more important		Safety is more
	that security		important than efficiency
Adjuvants	Animals	Animals for	Animals
	laboratory	feeding	Company	Human
FCA	+	-	-	-
Emulsions	+	+	(-)	-
oil / water
Emulsions	+	+	-	-
water / oil
Rigid materials	+	(+)	(+)	(-)
Aluminum compounds	+	+	+	+
Liposomes	+	+	(+)	(-)
Saponins	+	(+)	(+)	(-)
DDA	+	(+)	(+)	(-)
NBP	+	(+)	(+)	(-)

In this field, the efficiency is a very important element and certain levels of side effects are tolerated. The most widely used adjuvants in veterinary vaccines are mineral oil emulsions (oil-in-water or water in oil) and the adsorbent (hydroxide and aluminum phosphate). In some cases, liposomes are employed, saponins, vitamin E, immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs _s) and different emulsions of oils of vegetable or animal origin. Mineral oil emulsions, particularly water-in-oil, while inducing a strong immune response can cause unwanted risks and effects, possibly because of their limited biodegradability and biocompatibility. ¹⁰  

For this reason, there have been numerous attempts to develop effective adjuvants while insurance. One example is the formulation consisting of synthetic sulfolipopolisacárides with hydrophobic characteristics, incorporated into an emulsion of squalene in water, developed by the Belgian company Solvay SA. This adjuvant has been successfully validated in laboratory animals with protein and viral antigens, and is, to   least as effective as the mineral oil based adjuvants   employed nowadays

  in various veterinary vaccine

Immunomodulatory properties have been demonstrated in many natural polysaccharides and some derivatives obtained by hydrolysis or chemical modification. The hematopoiesis stimulating activity of the humoral and cellular immune response and is one of the most significant features of the glucans isolated from the cell wall of Yeast.Has been shown by different authors that simultaneous administration of glucan and an antigen stimulates formation Specific antibodies against the antigen in question; proof is glucans stimulation of humoral and cell-mediated   Francisella tularensis   and   Pseudomonas   pseudomallei. Furthermore, described the stimulation of antibody synthesis   Entamoeba histolytica   in guinea pigs after administration of the glucan and is recognized on the adjuvant effect   Leishmania major, Mycobacterium leprae, Candida albicans, Herpes simplex   and murine hepatitis virus.

Furthermore, oral administration of an extract of glucans (Glucanil) of   Candida albicans   ATCC 20995, supplied to mice 10 days prior to experimental infection with   Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus,   significantly increased resistance to systemic infection with these microorganisms and toxicology studies have revealed that the product was highly tolerated.

In some experiments, the activity of the glucan was superior to that of commonly used adjuvants. The effect depends on the mode glucan administration, although the latter may be performed repeatedly, the stimulatory effect usually occurs after a single injection.

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19.             

Humberto Quevedo Joaquin Morris, Mrs. Clara Martínez Manrique, Mr. Robert T. Abdala Díaz and Mr. Campos Orama Denia. Adjuvants, Immunologic

Passive Immune Protection: A Reevaluation Michael W. Eliora Z. Naveh and Ron. Department    of    Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. Tel Aviv Univesity, Tel Aviv, Israel

  20     Experiences of the author

Bibliography

Immune Passive Protection: A Reevaluation Michael W. Z. Naveh and Eliora Ron Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. Tel Aviv Univesity, Tel Aviv, Israel

Experiences of the author