BACTERIAL VACCINE FOR AVIAN CORYZA

                            BACTERIAL  VACCINE  FOR   AVIAN  CORYZA

                                      Carlos Rodriguez G.  carlosrodriguezg@gmail.com      Biofarma Laboratories

                       

                                                                                                            November 2013

Bacterial vaccines are commonly called Baterins, this comes to be, a chemically inactivated bacterial suspension and can carry an adjuvant to enhance its effect.

A.p  CULTIVO EN AGAR  SANGRE

         Initially, and for several years the bacterin was produced in chicken embryo cultures 5 to 6 days incubation and the culture is inactivated with Timerozal or Formaldehide 

The steps for producing a bacterin in chicken embryos grown are as follows.

1.-Isolation of bacteria in Blood Agar, the culture was added Staphylococcus epidermidis,  the details of the isolation and cultivation requirements are not the subject of this article and explain in another section.

2.- Avibacterium grow on the strip near Staphylococcus and its size is larger as is closer to Sthaphilococcus epidermidis called Mothership, colonies appear drops of dew and if we do cultivation Agar Brain Heart Infusion supplemented with serum and DPN in reduced form, Through crops seen a light source, present a phenomenon iridicent slightly bluish tones, strains must also have positive hemagglutination, both characteristics tell us how antigenic is the isolate.

There are three serotypes A, B and C and a bacterin must carry all three serotypes cultured separately and added to the end.

A.p IRIDISCENCIA

IRIDISCENCIA

3.-With our growing isolated, it makes a pass in chick embryo 5-6 days of incubation for this purpose have a platinum loop that is stretched to make it like a needle. The handle is sterilized burner flame and inoculated via embryo yolk sac this procedure is repeated as the number of embryos we require, after incubation for 24 hours, all embryos must be killed and the conditions are harvested in sterille condition

 in an Erlenmeyer flask. We call this Seed.

4.-To inoculated seed embryos will allow the same age, the number of embryos we estimate depends on the volume.

SATELITISMO

5,. At 24 hours of incubation, fluids collect embryos, a process known as Harvested, inactivated with formaldehyde 1.5 ml. per liter of harvested, it is stored at a temperature of 6-7 degrees cold room, usually takes more than 48 hours for inactivation, stirred containers to act properly formaldehyde.

Titration tests inactivation and power are explained in another section

6.-Harvested from three serotypes are mixed in a sterile container to joing the total volume of the bacterin culture.

/. - It comes to packaging, leaving at the end a retention sample not less than 200ml.

References: Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens Editorial Commitee for the American Association of Avian Pathogists Departament of Veterinary Microbiology Texas A M University.
Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods  Todd, Sanford, Wells

Pinhole Camera

                                              PINHOLE  CAMERA

                                      Carlos Rodriguez G.                                                      May 2003

It is known pinhole camera or dark camera from the time of the Greeks, was used as a curiosity, until XVIII century when many painters use of this technique to execute his paintings.

We refer to the darkroom as the beginning of photography, in fact, our short article aims to make a modest tribute to the pioneers of photography, who invested time and money to perfect their techniques in a multidisciplinary field requires knowledge of chemistry to develop photosensitive sustances, optical lenses to develop, etc., all in their early empirical knowledge discovered by trial and error until the late nineteenth century when photography took the form of a new discipline necesary an endless list of possibilities.

A pinhole camera is a locked box that has a hole through which light enters and a photosensitive film that records what we put in front and always in daylight, in any case we can make a small camera as almost always handcrafted.

In my case I used biscuit tins to make, panoramic images for both black and white and color, with practice you will obtain the exposure time, as if it is cloudy or full sun, but most common in my case was to exposures between 3 and 5 seconds.

I will not explain the technique for making a camera, that's very well explained on the Internet, I'll introduce the photos that I managed and I hope to have many enthusiasts of this same technique, in the digital age

 

 

       CÁMARA     ESTENOPÉICA

     Carlos Rodríguez G.        Mayo de 2003

Se conoce la cámara estenopéica o cámara oscura desde la época de los griegos, se usó como una curiosidad, hasta el Siglo XVIII en que muchos pintores hacían uso de ésta técnica para ejecutar sus pinturas. Hago referencia a la cámara oscura como el inicio de la fotografía, en este pequeño artículo, pretendo hacer  modesto homenaje a todos los pioneros

de la fotografía, quienes invertían tiempo y dinero para perfeccionar sus técnicas, en una materia multidisciplinaria que requiere de conocimientos de química para desarrollar emulsiones fotosensibles, de óptica para desarrollar las lentes,etc, y todo en sus inicios descubierto mediante el conocimiento empírico de prueba y error hasta  finales del Siglo XIX en que la fotografía tomó forma de una nueva disciplina indispensable en una lista infinita de posibilidades.Actualmente La cámara estenopéica ha regresado por sus fueros en plena época digital, con la ventaja de que ahora podemos ver los resultados de inmediato, de que aumentando la sensibilidad (ISO) hasta 1600, podemos tomar una foto sin fijar la cámara a un tripe, y sin tomar tiempo de exposición

             

                                                                                   

Una cámara estenopéica es una caja cerrada que tiene un orificio por donde entra la luz y una película fotosensible que registra lo que pongamos en frente y siempre con luz de día, de cualquier caja podemos hacer una pequeña cámara pues casi siempre son de fabricación artesanal.

En mi caso utílicé  latas de galletas de forma circular, para obtener imágenes panorámicas, tanto en blánco y negro como en color, con la práctica se va obteniendo el tiempo de exposición correcto, según si está nublado o a pleno Sol, pero lo más común en mi caso fue hacer exposiciones entre 3 y 5 segundos.

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Bibliografía::Enciclopedia Práctica de Fotografía No.19 y 20 Kodak